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< Back < Previous | Next > DRS ICC Dispute Resolution Statistics: 2024 24 Jun 2025 The annual ICC Dispute Resolution Statistics offer a comprehensive overview of disputes submitted to the ICC International Court of Arbitration and the ICC International Centre for ADR. They provide an in-depth breakdown of the numbers and global reach of ICC Arbitration and other ICC Dispute Resolution Services worldwide. 2024 key statistics The full 2024 statistical report reflects ICC’s standing as the preferred institution for international commercial and investment dispute resolution. The amount in dispute in cases registered in 2024 varied from just below US$10,000 to US$53 billion, with over a third of the cases not exceeding US$3 million. Alexander G. Fessas, Secretary General of the ICC International Court of Arbitration and Director of ICC Dispute Resolution services said: “ICC Arbitration remains a preferred dispute resolution method globally, attracting high-value, high-impact disputes as well as lower-value disputes. The 2024 statistical report reflects the trust placed in our services, from businesses and states in need of fair, efficient and forward-looking dispute resolution.” Distribution of parties by region Place of arbitration ICC arbitrations were seated in 107 cities across 62 countries or independent territories. Representation of arbitrators In addition to a wide geographic reach, diversity and inclusion are at the core of our service. In 2024, 577 draft awards were approved in Spanish, French, Portuguese, German, Arabic, Italian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Turkish. and bilingually in Chinese/English, demonstrating the adaptability of ICC Dispute Resolution Services in tailoring arbitration services to assist businesses and state entities worldwide. Sectors and industries Cases filed in 2024 covered a wide range of sectors. Top 10 sectors included construction/ engineering; energy; transportation; financing and insurance; telecoms and specialised technologies; health, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics; business services; general trade and distribution; leisure and entertainment and industrial equipment and services. Mediation and other forms of amicable dispute settlement The ICC International Centre for ADR administered 61 new cases in 2024 across its range of services which include mediation, expert proceedings, dispute boards and DOCDEX cases relating to trade finance instruments. Expert proceedings accounted for 20 new filings , with the majority of proceedings from the construction and energy sectors. Parties and neutrals represented a broad geographic span including Africa, the Middle East, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific, reflecting the continuing adoption globally of ICC’s ADR services. For an ICC DRS data overview, download our one-pager in English , Arabic , Chinese , French , Portuguese and Spanish . Access statistical reports from previous years via the ICC Dispute Resolution Library . Download

< Back < Previous | Next > Trade & Investment Incoterms® 2020: Navigating Risk, Responsibility & Reality in Global Trade 3 May 2025 Incoterms® 2020 help businesses manage tariff and compliance risks in global trade by clearly defining who is responsible for transport, insurance, and customs duties. Strategic use can reduce seller exposure to tariffs, making these terms crucial tools in navigating today’s volatile trade environment. New Insight: Managing Tariff Risk with Incoterms® As outlined in our April 2025 guidance note “Using the Incoterms® 2020 Rules to Manage Tariff Risk in International Trade,” businesses can use Incoterms strategically to reduce exposure to unpredictable tariff changes. While Incoterms do not affect tariff schedules directly, they clearly allocate responsibility for customs duties and import formalities. This clarity becomes critical in volatile trade environments. Key Takeaways: • Only DDP (Delivered Duty Paid) places full tariff risk and cost on the seller. • All other rules (EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, etc) shift import tariffs to the buyer. • Smart selection between DAP and DDP can make a difference when negotiating long-term contracts under changing trade regimes. Use cases: • Avoid seller exposure to future tariffs by shifting from DDP to DAP. • Use FCA or EXW to pass compliance burdens to better-prepared buyers. • Define roles clearly to reduce friction between logistics, legal, and finance. Understanding Incoterms® 2020: More Than Just Shipping Terms Incoterms® 2020 — shorthand for “International Commercial Terms” — are globally recognized rules to standardize obligations in international sales contracts. Incoterms clarify the responsibilities of sellers and buyers regarding transport costs, risk allocation, and logistics obligations at each point in the supply chain. While Incoterms do not govern ownership transfer or payment mechanisms, they serve as a common legal and commercial language that reduces ambiguity and friction in cross-border trade. • Who arranges and pays for transport and insurance? • Who handles customs clearance? • At what point does the risk transfer from seller to buyer? These are not trivial distinctions. Choosing the wrong Incoterm can lead to costly disputes, unpaid claims, or disrupted deliveries. The 2020 revision introduced updated insurance requirements, clearer allocation of security obligations, and a stronger recommendation to match Incoterms with the realities of modern logistics (like containerization). There are 11 terms, grouped as follows: Multimodal terms: EXW, FCA, CPT, CIP, DAP, DPU, DDP Sea/inland waterway-only terms: FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF Understanding the practical application of these rules is where professionals gain the most value — and where costly misconceptions often arise. Incoterms Gone Wrong: 5 Real Mistakes to Learn From Choosing the wrong Incoterm might seem like a small slip — until it leads to costly delays, damaged goods, legal disputes, or unexpected tax bills. Below are five real-world examples, often used in trade compliance training, that show just how easy it is to get it wrong — and how to avoid the same fate. Misapplying Incoterms® can create costly confusion over responsibility, risk, and compliance — even in otherwise well-structured contracts. While the examples above are fictional, they reflect common pitfalls seen in international trade and logistics. Understanding Incoterms® isn’t just a legal formality — it’s a frontline tool for avoiding preventable disputes in global commerce. Incoterms® in Action: Would You Get It Right? Test yourself! Incorrect use of Incoterms isn’t just academic — it leads to costly errors, disputes, and legal risk. Think you’re covered? Take this quick quiz and test your instincts on three real-world scenarios. You’ll find the correct answers and explanations at the end of this newsletter!

< Back < Previous | Next > Enhancing Climate Finance in Emerging Markets 26 Jul 2025 Emerging markets and developing economies need US$450–550 billion in additional annual climate finance by 2030, but private flows are declining. ICC’s new policy brief shows how targeted reforms to the Basel III framework could unlock 3–4 times more private investment in climate-aligned projects. Ahead of COP30, ICC is calling for a structured dialogue with regulators to ensure climate finance flows to where it is most urgently needed. Emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs) are central to achieving the Paris Agreement goals. They represent 25% of global GDP , yet attract just 14% of climate finance flows . Private finance to EMDEs is even more limited — only around US$30 billion annually , while the need is closer to US$450–550 billion each year by 2030 . A new ICC policy brief shows how reforms to the Basel III prudential framework could unlock significantly more private capital for climate-aligned projects in EMDEs. Current rules unintentionally discourage bank lending to these regions, despite strong data showing that project finance in EMDEs often outperforms corporate loans with lower-than-expected default rates and higher recovery rates. Key barriers identified: Limited recognition of risk mitigation tools : Guarantees and blended finance structures used by multilateral development banks (MDBs) and development finance institutions (DFIs) are often excluded from capital relief. Overly conservative treatment of project finance : Risk weights do not reflect proven performance and embedded protections. Country risk ceilings : Sovereign credit ratings inflate perceived risks, even for high-quality, co-financed projects, raising the cost of capital. The way forward ICC proposes a two-step approach : Technical clarifications – small adjustments to Basel rules that could immediately unlock more capital, such as recognising partial guarantees, timely payouts under MDB/DFI instruments, and borrower-level mitigants like FX hedging. Structural reforms – longer-term changes, including treating project finance as a distinct asset class, refining country risk treatment, and introducing a scaling factor for high-quality, climate-related EMDE investments (similar to the SME Supporting Factor in the EU). If implemented, these reforms could increase the bank capital available for climate projects in emerging markets by 3–4 times , without compromising financial stability. As the official voice of business in the UNFCCC process , ICC will take these recommendations into the COP30 negotiations in Belém, Brazil , calling for a structured dialogue with regulators and the Basel Committee to ensure climate finance reaches the regions that need it most. 2025-ICC-Enhancing-climate-finance-in-emerging-market-developing-economies-1 (2) .pdf Download PDF • 625KB

< Back < Previous | Next > Climate change ICC joins Business Call to Action to accelerate global cooperation for our oceans 10 Jun 2025 In a joint Business Call to Action more than 80 businesses and supporting organisations from 25 countries, including 55 businesses representing over €600 billion in turnover and 2 million employees, urged both private and public decisions-makers to strengthen global cooperation and accelerate action to conserve and sustainably use the ocean. As the largest business association in the world, the International Chamber of Commerce is proud to be a convener of this important call to action, bringing the voice of the global business community to the United Nations Ocean Conference. Download The call is convened by an unprecedented coalition of business networks, supported by signatories, including 80 businesses with a combined turnover of over €$600 billion and 2 million employees. In anticipation of the upcoming 2025 United Nations Ocean Conference in Nice, France,the call builds on the experience of leading businesses and organisations already advancing a sustainable blue economy. It emphasises the intrinsic connection between land and sea, highlighting the contribution and interdependencies between coastal and marine environment and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. This call is directed at all economic actors, whether directly or indirectly connected to the ocean, and includes: A call to action for businesses to expedite maintaining ocean health through business actions, such as contributions to ocean science, monitoring and reducing environmental impacts, incorporating ocean considerations into their climate and nature roadmaps and investing in blue solutions. A call to action for policy makers to pursue ambitious science-driven policies and measures that stimulate sustainable business action and to jointly address land and ocean for enhanced global resilience With this Business Call to Action, companies and business networks urge policymakers to: Agree to adopt and implement international agreements: champion strong, sustainable outcomes for existing and upcoming ocean-related agreements, Invest in ocean science and support strong science-policy interfaces, Acknowledge and embed into policies the links between ocean, nature and climate, Help all actors to collectively adapt to sea-level rise, Develop robust and innovative finance mechanisms, Raise awareness to encourage all actors to care for the ocean, even those based on land. This business declaration is still open to new signatories. For information on signing this declaration please contact: Daniel Grajales, Global Policy Manager - Environment daniel.grajales@iccwbo.org The Business Call to Action is convened by global and leading business networks including International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), World Economic Forum (WEF), We Mean Business Coalition (WMB), Business for Nature (BfN), Mouvement des Entreprises de France (MEDEF), UN Global Compact Network France and Association française des Entreprises pour l’Environnement (EpE).

< Back < Previous | Next > Global Insights Harmonised AI standards to reduce fragmented global rules 11 Jul 2025 This ICC policy paper highlights how divergent AI regulations across countries can lead to fragmented global markets and increased business costs. ICC calls for greater coordination on the development of international, market-driven AI standards, to bridge legal differences, reduce compliance burdens, improve market access and enhance cross-border innovation. Download How can international, market-driven AI standards reduce fragmented global AI governance for business? As AI systems become integral to business operations worldwide, fragmented governance approaches create significant challenges for companies of all sizes. When different jurisdictions develop their own AI policies, laws and regulations, businesses face: Increased compliance costs arising from navigating complex regulatory landscapes Market access barriers that limit where they can operate Innovation constraints that slow cross-border collaboration. These challenges are particularly acute for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) which lack the resources to manage complex, jurisdiction-specific requirements. International, market-driven standards are consensus-based guidelines that define how technologies should perform, interact and remain safe. They provide practical guidance that works across multiple legal frameworks, essentially creating a common language for AI governance globally. Potential overlaps, duplications and divergences in AI standards Achieving internationally interoperable AI governance is significantly hindered by overlapping standardisation efforts, inconsistent terminology across different frameworks and limited awareness of existing AI standards. These issues contribute to market fragmentation and a complex regulatory landscapes, with regional or national bodies – sometimes even within the same country – issuing overlapping or even competing guidance. At the same time, the use of standards processes to advance specific policy agendas rather than technical excellence, creates standards that may not serve broader global or business needs. Without better coordination, these standardisation efforts risk adding complexity instead of reducing it, increasing compliance costs (which are especially burdensome for SMEs), and impeding cross-border collaboration and innovation. ICC recommendations: How can policymakers make AI standards work globally? Promote strategic alignment in AI standards-development to reflect market needs and avoid duplication. Ensure domestic and local expert participation in shaping market-driven standards. Prioritise global, industry-driven standards over national or regional-only approaches. Champion multistakeholder collaboration through transparent, inclusive processes. Leverage existing standards in regulation to streamline compliance and build trust. Use standards in public procurement to support adoption and open markets to SMEs. Support company participation with funding, incentives, and training. Enhance awareness and education to build capacity for implementing AI standards.

< Back < Previous | Next > Integrity & Culture Navigating the divide: Acting with integrity when cultural adaptation is required Danielle Dielissen 6 May 2025 Danielle Dielissen shows how personal background shapes integrity in business and emphasizes self-awareness, role models, and diversity to uphold ethical behavior across cultures. Danielle Dielissen Starting in marketing and advertising, Danielle Dielissen gained extensive experience in corporate communication, change management, risk culture, and reputation management, with behavior as a key focus. Her journey reflects a profound understanding of the intricate interplay between behavior and organizational success. Now, Danielle Dielissen leads the Behavioral Risk & Integrity team at Rabobank , driving risk culture and managing behavioral risks. Culture and integrity are two fundamental aspects that shape our identities, actions, and interactions. In international business contexts, organizational factors such as targets and incentives drive behavior, but social and individual factors also play a significant role in shaping individuals’ moral standards and how they act with integrity. Growing up in a working-class environment while maintaining upper-class friendships, I have always been fascinated by the unique challenges and social norms of each environment, especially when transitioning into a business context where the background of senior management dictates the social norms. Individual experiences and personality Growing up in a working-class culture often means being surrounded by values such as hard work, resilience, and community support. These values are instilled from a young age and become integral to one’s identity. However, individuals face several challenges, including limited access to educational and professional opportunities, financial constraints, and societal stereotypes. When individuals from working-class backgrounds enter the business world, they often encounter a stark contrast in cultural norms. When upper-class culture is dominant in business settings, individuals from other backgrounds encounter a range of different social behaviors, communication styles, and expectations. This can create a sense of alienation and pressure to conform to these norms, which may conflict with one’s ingrained values and sense of integrity. Navigating Cultural Dynamics Adapting to a business culture that differs from the norms and beliefs that shaped you growing up requires understanding and learning new social norms without losing one’s identity. This involves observing and mimicking certain behaviors while staying true to one’s values. A strong sense of integrity is crucial in bridging this cultural divide. Individuals must find a balance between adapting to new norms and maintaining their core values. Confidence is key to overcoming the challenges of cultural adaptation. Individuals should recognize their unique strengths and contributions, which can add value to the business environment. The Role of Integrity in Cultural Adaptation Integrity is the cornerstone of navigating cultural dynamics. It involves being honest and having strong moral principles, which guide individuals in making ethical decisions. In a business context, integrity means adhering to ethical and professional standards, even when faced with pressure to conform to different cultural norms. This can be particularly challenging when the dominant culture in a business setting prioritizes profit over ethical considerations. Individuals must remain steadfast in their commitment to integrity, ensuring that their actions align with their values. Challenges of Cultural Adaptation Adapting to a business culture can lead to several challenges. One significant challenge is the risk of groupthink, where individuals prioritize harmony and conformity over critical thinking and integrity. This can result in a lack of peer pressure resistance, where individuals may compromise their values to fit in with the dominant culture. Another challenge is confirmation bias, where individuals seek out information and opinions that reinforce their adopted values while ignoring or dismissing evidence to the contrary. Balancing aspirations with a strong sense of self and a healthy dose of critical thinking helps to avoid these pitfalls. Personal strategies for maintaining Integrity Maintaining integrity while adapting to a new business culture requires several strategies. First, individuals should develop a strong sense of self-awareness, understanding their values and how they influence their actions. This involves reflecting on one’s experiences and identifying the core principles that guide decision-making. Second, individuals should seek out mentors and role models who exemplify integrity in their actions. These individuals can provide guidance and support, helping to navigate the complexities of cultural adaptation. Third, individuals should engage in continuous learning, staying informed about ethical standards and best practices in their industry. This helps to ensure that their actions align with their values and the expectations of their professional environment. Business strategies for maintaining integrity Promoting diversity and inclusion of different perspectives in business settings is essential for fostering a culture of integrity. When individuals with different backgrounds and different perspectives are included, heard and valued for providing their input, it creates an environment where different views are respected and considered. This helps to prevent groupthink and confirmation bias, encouraging critical thinking and ethical decision-making and can signal drivers that might lead to misconduct. Conclusion Navigating the divide between culture and integrity in business contexts is a complex and ongoing process. It requires individuals to adapt to new social norms while maintaining their core values and commitment to integrity. By developing self-awareness, engaging in continuous learning, and promoting diverse perspectives and inclusion, individuals can successfully bridge this cultural divide. Ultimately, integrity is the foundation of ethical behavior, guiding individuals in making decisions that align with their values and contribute to a positive and sustainable business performance.

< Back < Previous | Next > Geopolitics Dissecting the trade war: The response, new data and cautious optimism Chris Southworth 1 May 2025 President Trump’s trade war has disrupted global trade, but according to Chris Southworth (ICC UK), it also presents an opportunity for other countries—who make up the bulk of global trade—to strengthen cooperation, accelerate digitalisation, and build a more resilient system. Chris Southworth The current uncertainties facing global trade are well known. We wanted to look further, to find out how global business should respond to President Trump’s trade war. So we contacted Chris Southworth, Secretary General of ICC United Kingdom . Here below are our main takeaways from this conversation. The current situation “At the macro level, this is an acceleration of a change in the world order on an epic scale. Looking at the US from a business point of view, it’s completely chaotic. You don’t know what’s happening from one day to the next. It’s almost an impossible business environment.” It’s bad, but not that bad.... “Don’t forget that the US only represents 13% of global trade. We need to focus on the remaining 87% of the global trade system, which does not want a trade war. We want to continue and support the multilateral system and support the flow of trade. And then if you look at shipping, it’s even more stark. The US only has 0.6% of flagged global ships: they’re a tiny fraction of the global system. While the US does have the ability to disrupt everybody, they do not have the ability to dismantle trade. The most important thing right now is how the rest of the world reacts.” The required response “We need to pull together as a global community. All the regional blocks – the B-20, the EU, Africa, the CPTPP, the Commonwealth. Shifting from a reactive to a proactive response, I think we are going to see quite a dramatic change in the way we trade. While Europe and China can stand on their own two feet, this will be about the role of the ‘mid-powers’ – countries like Japan, Singapore, UK, Australia and Canada – to work with emerging markets to minimise the damage as much as possible. This is when multilateral dialogue is so important in trade reform.” And the response is already happening “The latest data from CIPS [the global procurement managers organisation] shows what we’re already seeing on a company level. 35% of procurement managers are already sourcing products outside of the US. This is a huge number of companies that are rerouting their trade. The big loser is the US, not everybody else.” Brexit déjà vu “Here in the UK, we have déjà vu. For us, it was Brexit; what you’re seeing in the market is exactly the same. Procurement managers excluded mainland UK and went straight to Europe directly – it’s just how business adapts. The difference is that the current situation is on steroids: it’s on a whole different scale.” The importance of agility (something that digitalisation provides) “In this hugely unpredictable trade environment in which tariffs are coming and going, companies need to be agile. And those companies that are transacting digitally are more agile. They can respond to changes, move goods and cash faster, with the transparency they need in the supply chain. From our perspective, the current situation is the catalyst for the digitalisation of trade. Companies need to reduce costs and risks while boosting agility and resilience. Digitalisation is the toolbox that companies need in order to do those things.” Ending on a (cautiously) optimistic note “This is obviously a very challenging situation. However, it’s just another aspect of shifting global politics and world order. It’s sad to see the US doing what they’re doing, but the world moves on, business will adapt. But it is also a massive opportunity for the rest of us to really get our act together and rethink the way we are trading. We need to step up and strengthen our international relations, broadening our export markets, and start digitalising trade at real speed. Let’s take the opportunities that are in front of us and capitalise on them. In the long run, we’ll be stronger.”

< Back < Previous | Next > Taxes Shaping the Future of Global Tax: ICC Commission Charts a Course Amid Rising Fragmentation 4 Apr 2025 At its March 2025 meeting, the ICC Taxation Commission tackled global tax challenges, including UN reforms, digital economy rules, and OECD compliance amid rising geopolitical tensions. The Commission stressed inclusive dialogue and business input to help shape a clear, practical international tax framework. UN-led tax reforms, digital economy protocols, and OECD challenges headline a pivotal Commission meeting. The ICC Taxation Commission’s March 2025 meeting convened at a critical moment for global tax policy. Against the backdrop of growing geopolitical instability and fragmentation in international trade, ICC members gathered to address urgent developments in global taxation frameworks, digital economy protocols, and regional policy shifts. Trade Turbulence and Strategic Advocacy Opening the session, Andrew Wilson (ICC Vice-Secretary General) and Valerie Picard (ICC Head of Trade) addressed a key concern: the erosion of multilateralism driven by unilateral trade measures, particularly from the U.S. While the core trade stance hasn’t dramatically changed, the implementation is now more aggressive and less internally contested. This “louder, more coordinated” approach risks hardening global divides and undermining established multilateral institutions. In response, the ICC is stepping up its advocacy efforts, producing foundational papers—such as on VAT—that provide clarity and are being actively used by member states in their policy dialogues. UN Tax Convention: Inclusive, But Complex Michael Braun (Germany UN Mission) shared an update on the UN process to establish a framework convention for international tax cooperation. Spurred by growing calls from developing nations, the convention aims to rebalance rule-making power and build a more inclusive and equitable tax framework. The process now moves into a drafting phase following the adoption of the Terms of Reference in 2024, which laid out three pillars: a framework convention, a protocol on digital services taxation, and another on dispute prevention. The structure includes three workstreams, co-led by representatives from the Global South. While the Terms of Reference do not formally embed stakeholder engagement, ICC is pushing for structured business input, emphasizing that private sector expertise is crucial to ensuring practical, implementable rules. The OECD Debate: Pillar Two and Compliance Burdens In parallel, the OECD’s Pillar Two implementation sparked intense debate. Business representatives flagged compliance costs, especially for low-risk jurisdictions, and questioned the added value of full model rules in such cases. ICC presented a proposal for permanent safe harbors based on country-level data and simplified reporting, aimed at lowering compliance costs while maintaining tax integrity. Although the idea gained some support, concerns about erosion of tax bases persist among certain jurisdictions. ICC called for urgent high-level government engagement to maintain momentum and promote a practical, stable system. Regional Insights and Diverging Trajectories Regional sessions showcased both alignment and divergence. In the Asia-Pacific, the Belt and Road Initiative tax platform highlighted progress in digitalization and capacity building. Meanwhile, the EU is focusing on simplification and competitiveness, with the European Commission reviewing directives for redundancy in light of Pillar Two’s global uptake. Africa, represented by Thulani Shongwe (ATAF), spotlighted VAT collection challenges and a growing push for regional cohesion on core tax policy positions, backed by the African Union. The U.S. position remains a wildcard. With the administration opposing some OECD rules and broader concerns about extraterritoriality, participants expressed concern over the stability of the current multilateral tax order. Beyond Structure: Substance in Focus As the UN tax convention process advances, the spotlight is shifting from structure to substance. Key issues include the scope of Article 12 on digital services, the potential for simplified allocation systems, and whether the dispute protocol will embrace binding arbitration or remain limited to prevention mechanisms. The ICC emphasized the need for clarity to avoid conflicting obligations and ensure smooth integration with existing treaties. Ongoing Projects and What’s Next The Commission’s working groups reported on ongoing initiatives including: • Foreign subsidy regulations • VAT treatment for cross-border telework • Sustainability-linked tax policies • The interaction between investment treaties and tax rules All underscored the same themes: simplicity, coherence, and coordination. Fragmented rules risk undermining both taxpayer certainty and government revenue collection. Looking ahead, ICC will play a key role in the UN’s Financing for Development Forum (FfD4) in Seville, where business engagement will address the impact of tax on development, investment, and sustainability. A new economic impact study on digital service taxation is also in the works, and ICC continues to push for inclusive dialogue as UN protocols are developed. “The global tax landscape is being redefined,” one participant noted, “and ICC must be both a stabilizer and a shaper of that future.”

< Back < Previous | Next > Taxes Shaping the Future of Global Tax: ICC Commission Charts a Course Amid Rising Fragmentation 1 Apr 2025 UN-led tax reforms, digital economy protocols, and OECD challenges headline a pivotal Commission meeting. The ICC Taxation Commission’s March 2025 meeting convened at a critical moment for global tax policy. Against the backdrop of growing geopolitical instability and fragmentation in international trade, ICC members gathered to address urgent developments in global taxation frameworks, digital economy protocols, and regional policy shifts. Trade Turbulence and Strategic Advocacy Opening the session, Andrew Wilson (ICC Vice-Secretary General) and Valerie Picard (ICC Head of Trade) addressed a key concern: the erosion of multilateralism driven by unilateral trade measures, particularly from the U.S. While the core trade stance hasn’t dramatically changed, the implementation is now more aggressive and less internally contested. This “louder, more coordinated” approach risks hardening global divides and undermining established multilateral institutions. In response, the ICC is stepping up its advocacy efforts, producing foundational papers—such as on VAT—that provide clarity and are being actively used by member states in their policy dialogues. UN Tax Convention: Inclusive, But Complex Michael Braun (Germany UN Mission) shared an update on the UN process to establish a framework convention for international tax cooperation. Spurred by growing calls from developing nations, the convention aims to rebalance rule-making power and build a more inclusive and equitable tax framework. The process now moves into a drafting phase following the adoption of the Terms of Reference in 2024, which laid out three pillars: a framework convention, a protocol on digital services taxation, and another on dispute prevention. The structure includes three workstreams, co-led by representatives from the Global South. While the Terms of Reference do not formally embed stakeholder engagement, ICC is pushing for structured business input, emphasizing that private sector expertise is crucial to ensuring practical, implementable rules. The OECD Debate: Pillar Two and Compliance Burdens In parallel, the OECD’s Pillar Two implementation sparked intense debate. Business representatives flagged compliance costs, especially for low-risk jurisdictions, and questioned the added value of full model rules in such cases. ICC presented a proposal for permanent safe harbors based on country-level data and simplified reporting, aimed at lowering compliance costs while maintaining tax integrity. Although the idea gained some support, concerns about erosion of tax bases persist among certain jurisdictions. ICC called for urgent high-level government engagement to maintain momentum and promote a practical, stable system. Regional Insights and Diverging Trajectories Regional sessions showcased both alignment and divergence. In the Asia-Pacific, the Belt and Road Initiative tax platform highlighted progress in digitalization and capacity building. Meanwhile, the EU is focusing on simplification and competitiveness, with the European Commission reviewing directives for redundancy in light of Pillar Two’s global uptake. Africa, represented by Thulani Shongwe (ATAF), spotlighted VAT collection challenges and a growing push for regional cohesion on core tax policy positions, backed by the African Union. The U.S. position remains a wildcard. With the administration opposing some OECD rules and broader concerns about extraterritoriality, participants expressed concern over the stability of the current multilateral tax order. Beyond Structure: Substance in Focus As the UN tax convention process advances, the spotlight is shifting from structure to substance. Key issues include the scope of Article 12 on digital services, the potential for simplified allocation systems, and whether the dispute protocol will embrace binding arbitration or remain limited to prevention mechanisms. The ICC emphasized the need for clarity to avoid conflicting obligations and ensure smooth integration with existing treaties. Ongoing Projects and What’s Next The Commission’s working groups reported on ongoing initiatives including: Foreign subsidy regulations VAT treatment for cross-border telework Sustainability-linked tax policies The interaction between investment treaties and tax rules All underscored the same themes: simplicity, coherence, and coordination. Fragmented rules risk undermining both taxpayer certainty and government revenue collection. Looking ahead, ICC will play a key role in the UN’s Financing for Development Forum (FfD4) in Seville, where business engagement will address the impact of tax on development, investment, and sustainability. A new economic impact study on digital service taxation is also in the works, and ICC continues to push for inclusive dialogue as UN protocols are developed. “ The global tax landscape is being redefined, ” one participant noted, “ and ICC must be both a stabilizer and a shaper of that future . Conference Room Papers (CRPs) - 30th Session | Financing for Sustainable Development Office

Explore the ICC Netherlands Incoterms page for comprehensive information on international trade terms. Understand the rules and guidelines that define responsibilities of buyers and sellers in global trade. The ICC "international commercial terms", known worldwide as the ICC Incoterms® rules, have been an internationally generally accepted set of definitions and terms of delivery for use in international and national purchase and sale agreements for goods with a global reach since 1936. The ICC Incoterms ® 2020 version is the most recent international standard on international trade and is therefore the modern alternative to the ICC Incoterms ® 2010 rules. Over the past 10 years, these have been crucial tools for importers, exporters, lawyers, carriers and insurers all over the world. ICC periodically reviews the rules. In addition to the experiences of users, changes in policies, environmental guidelines and new technology have been included in the adjustments. The ICC Incoterms ® 2020 provides buyers and sellers with an up-to-date framework. They are also easier to use. The Incoterms® rules consist of a set of three-letter delivery terms that reflect the customs between buyers and sellers of goods. These three-letter delivery terms describe the allocation of tasks, costs, and risks between buyers and sellers, saving time and protecting entrepreneurs from pitfalls and financial damage. Developed after extensive consultation with users including economists, lawyers, traders, freight forwarders, and banking and insurance experts from ICC's global network, the ICC Incoterms® 2020 rules reflect changes in international trade. The Drafting Group, established by ICC in 2016, included a mix of traders, business representatives, and trade law specialists who analysed over 3,000 substantial comments and conducted four consultation rounds with national offices and expert groups, including two physical expert consultations in Beijing and London. This thorough process ensures that the rules remain relevant and effective in the evolving landscape of global trade. What are the key changes in Incoterms® 2020? The Incoterms® 2020 address a demonstrated need in the market for on-board bills of lading under the Free Carrier (FCA) Incoterms® rule. Free Carrier (FCA) has been revised for Incoterms® 2020 to cater to a situation where goods are sold FCA for carriage by sea and buyer or seller (or either party’s bank) requests a bill of lading with an on-board notation. FCA in article A6/B6 now provides for the parties to agree that the buyer will instruct the carrier to issue an on-board bill of lading to the seller once the goods have been loaded on board, and for the seller then to tender the document to the buyer (often through the banks). The Incoterms® 2020 provide the list of expected costs. All costs associated with a given Incoterms rule now appear at article A9/B9 of that rule, allowing users to see the full list of expected costs at a glance. In addition to the aggregated presentation, the costs associated with each item still appear in the respective articles to accommodate a user who wants to focus on a specific aspect of the sale transaction. The Incoterms® 2020 provide for different levels of insurance coverage under the Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) and Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) rules. The Incoterms® 2020 rules provide for different levels of insurance coverage in the Cost Insurance and Freight (CIF) rule and Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP) rule. CIF Incoterms® rule, which is reserved for use in maritime trade and often used in commodity trading, the Institute Cargo Clauses (C) remains the default level of coverage, giving parties the option to agree to a higher level of insurance cover. The CIP Incoterms® rule now requires a higher level of cover, compliant with the Institute Cargo Clauses (A) or similar clauses. The Incoterms® 2020 allow for arranging the transport of goods with own means of transportation under FCA, DAP, DPU, and DDP. It recognises that not all commercial trade transactions from the seller to the buyer are conducted by a third-party carrier. The Incoterms® 2020 include security-related requirements in the obligations regarding transport and costs. The latest edition includes clearer and more detailed security-related obligations in articles A4 on carriage and A7 on export/import clearance of each Incoterms® rule. Costs relating to these requirements also appear in the consolidated costs article, A9/B9. The three-letter abbreviation for Delivered at Terminal (DAT) has been changed to DPU. No, simply renamed and moved to more accurately reflect the content of the rule. The former Delivered at Terminal (DAT) has been changed to Delivered at Place Unloaded (DPU) to emphasise that the place of destination can be any place and not just a “terminal,” and to underscore the sole difference from Delivered at Place Unloaded (DPU) – under DAP the seller does not unload the goods, under DPU, the seller does unload the goods. And since delivery under DAP happens before unloading, Incoterms® 2020 presents the newly named DPU after DAP. Educational Materials In Company Training Incoterms ® The Incoterms ® 2020 rules provide clarity and certainty to your company. In practice, however, there appear to be questions about the way in which the Incoterms® rules relate to transport, customs, insurance, payment arrangements and also the internal procedures and agreements within the company. How does your company make optimal use of the most recent version of the Incoterms ® rules? What is the right application for your business? Legitimate questions to which the In Company training provides answers. Read more Seminars I Webinars Incoterms® 2020 To ensure that you are informed, stay informed and are also well informed about the Incoterms® 2020 rules, ICC offers Incoterms® 2020 seminars/webinars. In the seminars and webinars, experts will speak and emphasize the correct application of the ICC Incoterms® 2020 rules in daily use. The seminars and webinars are for everyone involved in trade in goods and delivery conditions, such as buyers, sellers, importers, exporters, carriers, insurers, lawyers and legal experts . Contact ICC for more information Professional Certificates Looking to deepen your understanding of Incoterms® 2020 at your own pace? Our comprehensive e-learning courses at ICC Academy offer the flexibility to learn anytime, anywhere. Designed for professionals seeking to enhance their expertise in international trade, these interactive modules cover all aspects of Incoterms® rules, ensuring you have the knowledge to navigate global trade complexities with confidence. Take advantage of this convenient learning option and empower yourself with the tools and insights needed for successful international transactions. Discover Our E-Learning Courses at ICC Academy Why are the Incoterms 2020 important for you? Get Your Copy Now Unlock the potential of Incoterms® 2020 with ICC Netherlands. Our comprehensive guide simplifies international trade by clearly defining the responsibilities of buyers and sellers. Stay ahead in the global market with the latest insights and strategies from our team of experts. Get your copy today and ensure your business operates smoothly and efficiently. Order here Incoterms® 2020 APP Download the ICC’s official Incoterms® 2020 mobile app for comprehensive, easy-to-access summaries of the rules. Navigate international trade complexities with ease and make informed decisions with confidence. FAQ What are the ICC Incoterms® rules? The ICC Incoterms® rules are standard delivery terms that are used worldwide for the buying and selling of goods. These rules provide clarity for people who are actively involved in international import and/or export on a daily basis. What do the ICC Incoterms® rules regulate? There are eleven different ICC Incoterms® rules. These rules specify who is responsible for paying the transportation costs, who bears the risks if goods are lost or damaged during transport, and who is responsible for customs formalities and taxes. Why should I use the ICC Incoterms® rules in international trade? There are various international rules that can be used in international trade and contracts. What makes the ICC Incoterms® rules unique is that they are not designed to serve national interests, they are globally recognized, and they are widely used. Additionally, parties are free to choose which rule(s) apply to their contract. What does ‘Incoterms®’ mean? Incoterms® is an acronym that stands for 'International Commercial Terms' and is a trademark of the ICC, registered in various countries. The ICC Incoterms® rules consist of eleven different terms. Each term has its own abbreviation, such as EXW (‘Ex Works’) or DAP (‘Delivered at Place’). With each ICC Incoterms® rule, the distribution of risk differs slightly, allowing the buyer and seller to choose the rule that best fits their agreement. Who publishes the ICC Incoterms® rules? The ICC Incoterms® rules are published by the ICC. After researching the most commonly used sets of delivery terms in the 1920s, the ICC published the first edition of the ICC Incoterms® rules in 1936. These standard delivery terms help both the buyer and the seller clarify who bears which risks. The ICC ensures that these terms are periodically reviewed to keep them aligned with the latest developments in international trade. How do I use the ICC Incoterms® rules? The ICC Incoterms® rules apply to a contract when the rules are explicitly mentioned and it is clear that both parties intend for these rules to apply. The ICC Incoterms® rules can, for example, be mentioned in the general terms and conditions. It is important to refer to the specific ICC Incoterms® rules that are intended to apply in a clear and accurate manner. Are the ICC Incoterms® 2010 still valid after January 1, 2020? The ICC Incoterms® 2010 remain valid after January 1, 2020. However, we recommend using the most recent version, which means applying the ICC Incoterms® 2020 after January 1, 2020. When can I start using the ICC Incoterms® 2020 rules? The ICC Incoterms® 2020 rules can be applied legally starting from January 1, 2020. Where can I buy the ICC Incoterms® 2020? You can purchase a book with the ICC Incoterms® 2020 from the online store . Various versions are available, including a Dutch version, a Dutch-English version, and a French-English version. For more information and to order, visit the publications page . Are there events organized where the ICC Incoterms® 2020 are explained? Several events are organized in the Netherlands in connection with the launch of the Incoterms® 2020. The speakers are members of the ICC Netherlands Incoterms® 2020 working group and will share firsthand insights about the changes, background, and specifics. For the program, registration, and more information, visit: www.incoterms2020.nl/#_seminars Do Incoterms® 2019, 2018, 2017, etc., exist? No need to worry, you haven’t missed anything! The ICC Incoterms® 2020 is the most recent version. The previous version dates back to 2010. What happens with the ICC Incoterms® 2010 as of January 1, 2020? The ICC Incoterms® 2010 remain valid for parties who choose to use them.

Defending multilateralism and international trade Our engagement: Working to restore predictability in global trade by leveraging ICC’s unique position in international organisations (UN, OECD, WTO) and ICC Netherlands’ business network. Now more than ever business voice must be heard as rules are increasingly shaped by geopolitical dynamics rather than business reality. Dutch business and policy network: •VNO-NCW/MKB NL CMO/CHP commissions •Dutch banking commission – Chair Jesseke Kollau, Rabobank •Customs & Trade Facilitation - Jochem Sprenger, Fenex Service Name This is a Paragraph. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to edit the content and make sure to add any relevant information that you want to share with your visitors. Service Name This is a Paragraph. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to edit the content and make sure to add any relevant information that you want to share with your visitors. Service Name This is a Paragraph. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to edit the content and make sure to add any relevant information that you want to share with your visitors. Service Name This is a Paragraph. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to edit the content and make sure to add any relevant information that you want to share with your visitors. Service Name This is a Paragraph. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to edit the content and make sure to add any relevant information that you want to share with your visitors. Service Name This is a Paragraph. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to edit the content and make sure to add any relevant information that you want to share with your visitors. Satisfaction Guarantee This is a Paragraph. Click on "Edit Text" or double click on the text box to start editing the content.

Explore ICC's comprehensive business solutions designed to facilitate global trade. From ATA Carnets and Incoterms® to model contracts, certificates of origin, and digital trade tools, discover how ICC's standards and resources support businesses of all sizes and drive international commerce. How to seize global trade opportunities Discover the steps you can take to leverage global trade opportunities for your business and kick-start your global exports journey. Go to: Step 1: Identify global trade opportunities Step 2: Understand the basics of global trade Step 3: Showcase your products abroad Step 4: Leverage your IP assets Step 1: Identify global trade opportunities Are you ready to step into the world of global trade and see your products and services travel the globe? The first step in your trade journey is to explore commercial opportunities internationally. How to get started: Identify potential customers or suppliers in foreign markets Detect where demand for your goods and services will come from Check for any benefits from regional trade agreements Research tariffs and regulatory requirements Export Potential Map Spot products, markets and suppliers with export potential and opportunities for export diversification. View the map Global Trade Helpdesk Explore trade opportunities and access information about imports, market dynamics, tariffs, regulatory requirements, and potential buyers. Access the helpdesk Step 2: Understand the basics of global trade Trading goods and services across borders comes with its own set of rules and practices. Whether you are importing or exporting products – or looking to establish a commercial presence in a foreign market. Mastering key trade processes will give you a lasting competitive edge. How to get started: Discover the rules and standard practices of export-import trade Assess whether your product or service is suitable for export with the support of your local chamber of commerce Get trained and certified in export-import trade Guide to Export/Import Everything you need to know about rules and standard practices of export-import trade, customs requirements, contractual arrangements, financing trade and organising logistics. Order the guide Export/Import Certificate Learn the basics of doing business across borders with ICC’s international trade certification, offered by the ICC Academy. Register now Step 3: Showcase your products abroad Out of sight, out of mind. To secure visibility in foreign markets, successful exporters frequently showcase their products at trade fairs, exhibitions and roadshows with potential customers and distributors. This is a powerful means to build demand for your products and establish relationships with potential customers. How to get started: Research relevant industry conferences, exhibitions and trade fairs to attend Reserve your exhibiting space early Prepare to ship your products and promotional materials overseas ATA Carnet Avoid paying duties and taxes at customs when temporarily exporting and importing your products in over 80 countries/customs territories. Learn more Step 4: Leverage your IP assets Global trade offers both opportunities to leverage your intellectual property (IP) assets and grow your business, as well as specific IP risks that need to be properly measured and addressed. When operating internationally, IP is an important consideration in respect of your providers, licensors, customers and competitors. How to get started: Find out if your business has any IP assets Learn how your IP assets can be protected Understand how to manage your IP assets in a way that adds value to your business WIPO IP Diagnostics Identify your IP assets and receive recommendations on your IP and business competitiveness. Powered by the World Intellectual Property Organization in partnership with ICC Learn more Step 1 How to seize global trade opportunities Step 2 How to draft a contract Step 3 How to execute a business transaction Step 4 How to prevent and solve potential disputes in business Step 5 How to meet international ESG requirements Related pages How to draft a contract How to draft a contract How to execute a business transaction How to execute a business transaction How to prevent and solve potential disputes in business How to prevent and solve potential disputes in business